It is probably more accurate to refer to the Red Sea as the “Sea of Reeds,” but the traditional designation will be used here for simplicity. 139. . The Karnak Stele consists of a two-part relief, with each displaying a pharaoh who is presenting an offering to Amun-Re. 81. 1516 BC). 1541 BC, making his initial regnal year ca. No princesses are known to have been mothered by Mutnofret, but the possibility does exist; if Mutnofret did bear a daughter, undoubtedly this princess-given the ages of the princes-would have been old enough to qualify. Home Amenhotep II Amenhotep II. The Case for Dating the Exodus to 1267 BC. Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. Examples of campaigns launched in spring are plentiful: (1) Thutmose III’s first Asiatic campaign, as he arrived at his first destination (the border fortress of Tjel) on ca. If Prince Amenhotep was not the eldest son of Amenhotep II, who by custom may have named his first son "Thutmose," then the Thutmose sitting on the lap of the royal tutor Hekreshu in a wall painting at Thebes may be "the eldest son" of the king.58 Therefore, if Amenhotep II was the exodus-pharaoh, perhaps his eldest son was Thutmose, who died in the plague without leaving a trace, thus satisfying both the Egyptological and biblical records (Exod 12:29). Yet another theory says that Thutmosis III was the pharaoh during Hebrew exodus. Bryan asserts that the dishonoring of Hatshepsut began in ca. Therefore, the eldest son of the exodus-pharaoh must have died in the plague. The Number of Amenhotep II's Asiatic Campaigns. “The book of Numbers concentrates on events that take place in the second and fortieth years after the exodus. Moreover, when Egyptian scribes listed the booty that was confiscated after the Battle of Megiddo, they did not name the opposing king whose possessions the Egyptians plundered, referring to him only as "the prince," or "the Prince of Megiddo. The campaign of Thutmose III against a rebellious coalition at Megiddo, instigated by the Empire of Mitanni, was fomented by the King of Kadesh (on the Orontes River), who-in The Annals of Thutmose III-merely was called, "that wretched enemy of Kadesh." Redford dismisses this idea by offering a parallel depiction found in graffiti from Konosso. The same Hebrew verb is used in Ps 109:23, where David laments, "I am gone like a shadow when it lengthens; I am shaken off like the locust." 100. The Drastic Change in Foreign-Policy after the Second Asiatic Campaign of Amenhotep II. Regarding Amenhotep II’s youth, Grimal notes, “That the young prince should have been active at Memphis is no surprise, for it was there that all young heirs to the throne had been brought up since the time of Thutmose I” (Nicolas Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, trans. Another problem is that the coregency now is known to have lasted exactly 2 1/3 years, making it mathematically impossible to equate the two campaigns, since the coregency would have to have lasted for a minimum of three years and one day for Pritchard to be correct. 11:24 am. 875 BC), offers the more extensive text. b. (2008). the Eighth Pylon, a new southern gateway to the temple precinct. ; Hoffmeier, “Memphis and Karnak Stelae,” in Context of Scripture, vol. All incidents recorded in 1:1–14:45 occur in 1444 B.C., the year after the exodus. Amenhotep II took over the reins of power from his father at the height of the nation's splendour. See 2 Kgs 23:29, 33, 34, 35; 2 Chr 35:20, 21, 22; 36:4; and Jer 46:2. If the exodus-pharaoh lived through the Red-Sea massacre, Ps 106:11 remains uncompromised. He began his reign under the name Amenhotep IV (“Amun is satisfied”). God Predicts the Death of Pharaoh's Eldest Son. Hoffmeier, Israel in Egypt, 119, 125; Wood, “The Rise and Fall,” 478; Kitchen, Reliability of the OT, 255. But I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, and though I multiply my signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, Pharaoh will not listen to you. If all memory of him were lost or destroyed, the spirit too would perish, initiating the much-dreaded "second death," a total obliteration from which there could be no return. The plain at the Spaceport, which had been used as runways for the shuttles were now totally destroyed after Ninurta and Nergal, the angels in the Bible, nuked the Sinai and Sodom and Gomorrah, with not even one tree standing. 102. But since this part of the stele shows no sign of damage or repair, there is no reason to doubt these numbers. 14:17). 48. a. Omission of Pharaoh's Throne-Name not Theologically Motivated. God displayed his glory by decimating Sennacherib’s army when the Assyrians marched against Judah (2 Kgs 19:35), but his glory was not diminished when Sennacherib returned to Assyria unscathed. A compelling argument for choosing 1446 BC is that the Jubilee cycles agree with this date exactly, yet are completely independent of the 479+ years of 1 Kgs 6:1. 5. King David and Solomon: Men or Myths? 1455-1418 BC).45 With these reigns chronologically ordered, the evaluation of Amenhotep II's candidacy for the exodus-pharaoh may proceed. 2. Using high Egyptian chronology, those who wrongly believe Amenhotep II was the pharaoh of the exodus, have no evidence that his firstborn son died in the 10 th plague of 1446 BC.